Treasury of Persian Language and Literature

Given the vast scope of lyric literature and its high audience appeal—largely due to its melodious and rhythmic nature—this study aims to analyze the foundations of lyric literature in selected Surahs of the Qur’an, with a particular emphasis on Rumi’s interpretations in the Mathnawi. While exploring the elements of lyric literature in certain Surahs analyzed within the Mathnawi, the study addresses themes such as love, joy, passion, and spiritual ecstasy. Due to the structure of Persian poetry, the themes of counsel, advice, praise, and description are also incorporated, aligning closely with the Qur’anic Surahs that penetrate the Mathnawi's romantic, ethical, and pedagogical content. The research adopts a library-based method. The statistical population includes all existing texts on lyric literature, and the sample was selected through screening articles that demonstrated greater consistency with the title, abstract, and conceptual components of the study. These samples were then analyzed using a descriptive-analytical method grounded in library data. The findings indicate that Rumi’s Mathnawi serves an instructional purpose, utilizing Qur’anic Surahs and themes to offer poetic teachings to his disciples. These teachings include subjects such as patience and perseverance, divine decree and predestination, consultation with the righteous and elders, loyalty, and more. Approximately 187 verses from the Mathnawi are shown to correspond with divine discourse, serving as a guide for humanity by integrating practical mysticism, sensory teachings, and theoretical recommendations grounded in Qur’anic Surahs and verses. Commentators and exegetes of the Mathnawi have noted that nearly one-fourth of the work constitutes indirect translations or interpretations of Qur’anic verses.

The present article, adopting the approach of psychological criticism—a branch of modern literary criticism—aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of literary works and their creators. This method of critique and analysis focuses on the hidden dimensions, as well as the internal and psychological states, of the author and the characters. It assists the reader in achieving a more comprehensive perception of the literary work and in attaining a greater familiarity with its meaning and essence. The current study, using a descriptive-analytical method, investigates and critiques the characters in the novel Kelidar through the lens of psychological theories developed by prominent thinkers such as Freud, Jung, and Adler. The central question addressed in this study is: what is the psychoanalytic profile of the characters in Kelidar according to the theories of Freud, Jung, and Adler? The findings indicate that this novel, which is based on real events, portrays the multifaceted personalities of its main characters. Each character is accompanied by a "mask," "shadow," and "id," and they frequently undergo personality disturbances. Nevertheless, with the aid of their inner strength and the guidance of a wise elder, some characters—such as Gol-Mohammad and Zivar—achieve inner peace, while others—such as Belqis and Sattar—come into alignment with their own masks and, in the role of the wise elder, support other characters in the pursuit of individuation and self-realization.

Showkat Bukhari is among the poets who lived during the Safavid era. His early pen names were Nazok and Tārek, and after his association with Sa‘d al-Dīn, he adopted the pen name Showkat. His poetry reflects the Tarz-e-Khayāl or Nazakatbandi style within the Indian style (Sabk-e-Hindi), which is characterized by elaborate exaggerations and delicate imagery, predominantly in the form of the ghazal. Showkat Bukhari is one of the poets who, through eloquent and expressive language, skillfully employed rhetorical figures (ṣanāye‘-e badī‘)—that is, both phonetic (formal) and semantic figures of speech—to articulate his thoughts and ideas. Accordingly, the present study aims to examine and analyze the phonetic and semantic rhetorical devices found in the Divan of Showkat Bukhari. This research has been conducted using a descriptive–analytical method. The Divan of Showkat Bukhari has been examined and analyzed in terms of phonetic and semantic rhetorical figures using a library-documentary method and the technique of note-taking. The findings indicate that in Showkat Bukhari’s Divan, the figures of perfect paronomasia (jinas-e-tām), approximate paronomasia (jinas-e-muḍāri‘), subsequent paronomasia (jinas-e-lāḥiq), and excess paronomasia (jinas-e-zāyed) occur with high frequency, whereas verbal paronomasia (jinas-e-lafẓ), graphic paronomasia (jinas-e-khaṭṭ), incomplete paronomasia (jinas-e-nāqis), and inverse paronomasia (jinas-e-qalb) appear with minimal frequency. In the section on assonance (tasji‘), balance (mowāzana) is identified as one of the most frequent and prominent phonetic rhetorical devices used in the work. Additionally, in the section on repetition, devices such as letter repetition (ham-ḥarfi or ham-ḥurūfi) and assonance (ham-sedāyi) also exhibit high frequency.

The novel "Kalider" by Mahmoud Dolatabadi is one of the most prominent works of contemporary Persian literature, which, with its powerful language and extensive narrative, presents a profound picture of Iranian society and its developments. This novel not only narrates an epic and fascinating story, but also deals with a detailed and critical examination of the social and cultural systems of society. One of the main themes of this work is the criticism of the class system and its impact on the lives of individuals and human relationships. The class system, as one of the most important social structures, plays a decisive role in shaping the fate of humans in various societies, especially traditional and transitional societies. This system, which is based on the division of society into different economic, social, and cultural classes, often causes inequality, conflict, and discrimination. Thematic criticism of the class system, that is, examining and condemning this unjust structure and its negative consequences, has a special place in literature, especially in novels. The aim of this article is to reflect the concept of the class system in the novel "Kalider" from the perspective of thematic criticism. Using theories of literary sociology, especially the views of Marx, Bourdieu and other contemporary theorists. This research attempts to examine the different dimensions and opposition of the superior and inferior classes in the work. Social classes that differ not only in access to wealth but also in access to culture, education and lifestyle, and these differences facilitate the reproduction of inequalities. Literature is an approach that, by criticizing the class system, condemns unjust social structures and challenges them from the perspective of social justice. The research method in this article is an analytical-interpretive method that emphasizes the analysis of the main text of the novel and its connection with social theories.

Resistance literature, as an influential tool in the history of Iranian literature, has played a significant role in reflecting and promoting social, political, and human issues. This genre of literature, with a focus on resistance against oppression, corruption, and injustice, has consistently served as an instrument for social struggle and raising public awareness. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of Iranian authors’ commitment and obligation in shaping and developing resistance literature from its inception up to the Islamic Revolution, and to analyze how these commitments were utilized for social, political, and cultural critique. This research has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and is based on library and documentary sources. A comparative-logical approach was employed to analyze various works. The findings indicate that Iranian resistance literature has played a significant role in promoting justice, freedom, and resistance during critical periods such as the Constitutional Revolution and the Islamic Revolution. Writers, through their commitment to humanistic and social ideals, created works aimed at combating oppression and corruption. These works not only reflected social and cultural aspects but also contributed to the expansion of a culture of resistance and social awareness. The study emphasizes that commitment and obligation have served as central elements in the formation of this body of literature.

        جامعه‌شناسی ساختارگرا، رویکردی نظری برای شناخت نظام‌ها و ساختارهای اجتماعی است که مفاهیم و رفتارهای اجتماعی را شکل می‌دهند.  این نوع از جامعه شناسی تلاشی برای استفاده از مدل­ها و نظریه­ها جهت تبیین و توسعه سیستم­ها و ساختارهای جامعه است که بر اساس مدل سازی و الگوسازی طرح بندی می­شوند. مطالعه­ی جامعه شناختی حکایت‌های مثنوی از آنجا که مروری بر چگونگی تفسیر و نحوه‌ی واکنش اعضای اجتماع به حوادث و پدیده­های مختلف است، می­تواند نقدها  و تحلیل­های معتبر و قابل قبولی در باره­ی جامعه­ی زمان آفرینش این اثر ارائه دهد. با استفاده از الگوها و نمودارهای مختلف و نقد و تحلیل­های مبتنی بر این الگوها و مدل­ها و همچنین با تجزیه و تحلیل حکایت­های مثنوی، بر اساس الگوها و مدل­های ذکر شده، امکان درک همه جانبه­ای از رفتار و واکنش اعضای جامعه به مسائل مختلف فراهم می­ود. این مطالعه جامعه شناختی می­تواند به شناسایی علل زمینه‌ای در پس رفتارها و واکنش‌های خاص و نیز تأثیرات آن‌ها بر پویایی اجتماعی کمک کند. علاوه بر این، می‌تواند بینشی در مورد نحوه تعامل سیستم‌های اجتماعی مختلف با یکدیگر ارائه دهد، که به تصمیم‌گیری آگاهانه‌تر در مورد بهترین نحوه­ی مدیریت بر نهادهای اجتماعی کمک کند. ازجمله کنش­ها واکنش‌های افراد در جامعه که تعاملات افراد را در موقعیت­های مختلف اجتماعی تحت تأثیر قرار می­دهد، اعتقاد به جبر مطلق یا  اختیار تام در انجام امور زندگی روزمره است. از بررسی دفترهای شش گانه مثنوی، این نتیجه حاصل شد که موضوع  فوق پیچیده و بحث برانگیز وتا حدودی غیر قابل تفکیک می‌باشد. مولانا از ابراز نظر جزمی و قطعی درباره­ی این موضوعات پرهیز نموده است؛ ولی جبری را که مورد سوءاستفاده کاهلان و نادانان می‌شود، مذموم و ناپسند می‌داند و اختیاری را که موجب زیاده خواهی و هرج ومرج می‌شود، ناروا می‌شمرد.

Although the requirements of education and training have not been articulated in modern terms, they have long been present in classical literary texts according to the prevalent practices of their respective eras. Today, through the classification, formulation, extraction, and discovery of educational principles and methods—and by reinterpreting and aligning them with the content of didactic literature—it becomes evident that while modern principles may appear novel in terminology and form, they bear little substantive difference from the educational elements found in classical didactic texts. Thorndike's theory is one of the contemporary educational theories. It is structured around the principles of readiness, exercise, and set, and is regarded as one of the fundamental frameworks in modern psychology of education. The components introduced in this theory for education and training are observable and analyzable within the two didactic works Qabusnameh and Kalila and Dimna. This study aims to extract the educational principles and foundations in these two texts in accordance with Thorndike's theory.

The aim of the present study is to examine the image of women in Persian mystical verse literature up to the 15th century CE. The research method is descriptive-analytical and is based on library sources. The findings indicate that throughout a woman's life, she embodies symbols of delicacy and beauty. In girlhood, she represents purity, emotion, and sentiment. Upon marriage, she becomes a symbol of affection, love, and compassion; and when she becomes a mother, she turns into an icon of sacrifice, selflessness, and devotion. Referring to mystical literature, beauty in women is sometimes depicted as external and at other times as internal. Woman is a symbol of light. From the perspective of the Sufis and mystics, the woman is at times introduced as a symbol of human attributes and even characterized by divine-like qualities, while at other times she is assigned a demonic position or status. Sometimes she embodies virtuous traits, and sometimes she is marked by reprehensible and undesirable attributes. Women in mystical narrative poems occupy the highest ranks. After these mystical works, women in Bustan by Saadi are portrayed in a way that only acknowledges the guardianship and unquestioned dominance of men.