Treasury of Persian Language and Literature

A Comparative Examination of Poetic Language in the Works of Sadeq Chubak and Houshang Golshiri

Raana Safikhani

; Saeeda Saki Entezami *

; Saeeda Niazi

One of the salient features of contemporary fiction is its increasing movement toward poeticization and literariness. Authors of such narratives, by incorporating poetic elements and their expressive capacities into fiction and by attending to the literary dimensions of the text, have succeeded in opening a novel pathway from story to poetry—so much so that the reader, while engaging with these narratives, clearly perceives their distinction from traditional stories and their growing affinity with poetry. The present study, employing a descriptive–analytical method based on data collected through library research, aims to conduct a comparative analysis of poetic language in the stories of Sadeq Chubak and Houshang Golshiri. According to the findings, Chubak—through his attentiveness to the subtleties of the Persian language, the influence of poetic elements on the literariness of narrative, the precision in selecting imaginative tropes and related expressions, concise and vivid descriptions, and colloquial similes and metaphors—achieves a prose style that draws simultaneously on the richness of classical literature and the vibrancy and variety of everyday urban speech. He skillfully weaves written and colloquial language together without compromising the artistic unity of his work, and, given his realist orientation, employs poetic elements proportionately alongside colloquial speech in his narratives. In contrast to Chubak, Houshang Golshiri—who himself is deeply preoccupied with poetic concerns—at times, as in the story Khāneh-ye Rowshanān (“The House of the Enlightened”), draws heavily on poetic imagery and verbal subtleties, thereby bringing prose significantly closer to poetry.

A Comparative Examination of the Views of Seyyed Ahmad Fardid and Reza Davari Ardakani on the Concepts and Characteristics of Western Modernity

Poria Azarang

; Ali Imani *

; Alireza Golshani

https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.238

Intellectual engagement with the “West” and “modernity” has been one of the central issues in contemporary Iranian thought. Within this context, Seyyed Ahmad Fardid and Reza Davari Ardakani—positioned as teacher and student—have each offered fundamental critiques of the nature of modernity. The present study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the commonalities and divergences in the views of these two thinkers. Their core shared position lies in understanding the “West” not as a geographical or political entity but as a “historical destiny” and an ontological phenomenon whose essence is rooted in “subjectivism” and “nihilism.” Nevertheless, their essential point of divergence emerges in the method of confronting this phenomenon. Davari Ardakani seeks to philosophically critique modernity from within by making use of the tools of “rationality” (even modern rationality), whereas Fardid fundamentally regards discursive/representational rationality as part of the crisis itself and adopts a “confrontational,” “negating,” and “mystical-sapiential” approach grounded in ḥikmat-i unsī (sapiential intimacy). Using Schleiermacher’s hermeneutic method (including grammatical interpretation and technical/psychological interpretation), this study qualitatively analyzes the texts and ideas of the two thinkers. The findings indicate that although both come close to each other in “grammatical interpretation” (shared understanding of key concepts), they diverge in “technical interpretation” (unique mental orientation and intellectual style). Ultimately, the article argues that Davari’s approach, due to its consistent commitment to rational and academic critique, offers more practical dimensions for understanding and engaging with the impasses of modernity.

بررسی حقوق زنان در اشعار ملک الشعرا بهار

Alirza Rostami Ghadi

, Ahmad Karimi *

, Koros Karim Pasandi

, Asghar Abbasi

https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.234

هدف اصلی این پژوهش به بررسی حقوق زنان در اشعار ملک الشعرا بهار‌ می‌باشد. برخي از حقوق آنان مخالفان و موافقانی پيدا كرد و به يكي از مهم‌ترين موضوعات اختلافي و چالشي بين نوگرايان و سنت‌گرايان تبديل شد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها، اطلاعات به شکل کتابخانه‌ای گردآوری شده و به شیوه توصیفی – تحلیلی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. حقوق زنان اعم از حق ر‌‌‌ای و آزادي، پوشش و حجاب، مشاركت اجتماعي، اشتغال، سواد و... را شامل مي‌شود. براساس اين نگاه سنتي، دیدگاه بهار نسبت به شخصيّت و حقوق زنان همان نگاهي است كه پيشينيان او داشته‌اند و در عصر او هم رواج داشت. از اين روي برخي از صفات زنان رايج در متون ادب فارسي از نظر شاعر دور نماند و به آنها پرداخته است. ملک الشعرا زنان را عاطفي و احساسي مي‌داند. البتّه اين صفت از صفات ذاتي زن است و نمي‌شود به آن خرده گرفت. ولي زنان را مخالف فكر، اميد و كار نو و در عين حال مشتاق و دلبسته ظواهر نو و تازه مي‌داند. در واقع او را از باطن بي‌خبر و از ظاهر باخبر مي‌داند. او زنان را دار‌‌‌ای افكار عميق و ژرف نمي‌داند. بايد دانست كه بهار در اين خصوص تحت تأثير اوضاع اجتماعي زمان خود مي‌باشد و اين مسائل ظاهراً به ابتد‌‌‌ای شعر و شاعري او بر مي‌گردد.

The Relationship Between Religion and the Meaning of Life in the Works of Jalal Al-e Ahmad

Narjes Mozaffari

; Arastoo Mirani *

; Reza Asadpour

https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.229

The present study aims to conduct a new inquiry—based on the views of Jalal Al-e Ahmad—into one of the most fundamental contemporary questions: the meaning of life. Accordingly, after a brief conceptual clarification and an explanation of the distinction between the constructed and the discovered theories of the meaning of life, as well as an overview of approaches within these theoretical frameworks, the research examines the meaning of life in the works of Jalal Al-e Ahmad, followed by a concise review of his life and writings. This study employs a documentary research method, relying on library sources to investigate the relationship between religion and the meaning of life in Al-e Ahmad’s works. The findings indicate that, as is evident from Al-e Ahmad’s own words, he seeks the meaning of life in a form of religion that pursues truth rather than mere religious law. Ultimately, his perspective on religion is shown not to be imitative but rather pragmatic and selective.

Social Discourse Analysis in Ahmad Mahmoud’s The Neighbors Based on Pierre Guiraud’s Social Semiotics

Zahra Shahraki Ein Ali

; Mandana Alimi *

; Zakiyeh Rajabi

https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.228

The novel The Neighbors by Ahmad Mahmoud is regarded as one of the most prominent examples of the social novel in contemporary Iranian literature, offering an accurate depiction of the lives of the lower classes, workers, intellectuals, and social actors of the 1940s and 1950s (Gregorian Calendar). With a realist approach, the novel uncovers the hidden layers of social life and relations of power. Despite numerous studies on this novel, few investigations have been conducted based on Pierre Guiraud’s theoretical framework of social semiotics. Guiraud considers signs not as limited to language, but as traceable in customs, identities, rituals, behaviors, fashions, and social games (Guiraud, 1975). The purpose of this research is to analyze the representation of cultural and social signs in The Neighbors using social semiotics and to demonstrate how these signs contribute to the formation and continuity of social and political discourses within the text. The findings indicate that social etiquette and politeness in the novel reflect class distinctions and relations of power; the individual and collective identities of the characters are formed within a framework of tension between tradition and modernity; and social behaviors, whether at the individual or collective level, reflect the nature of human beings in critical situations. Furthermore, social codes such as clothing, language, and urban symbols carry class-based and cultural meanings. Ultimately, this study shows that The Neighbors is not merely a literary work but a socio-discursive text embedded with a complex network of signs. The social-semiotic analysis of this novel provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying identity, culture, and politics in Iranian society during the historical period in question.

A Comparative Analysis of the Art of Imagery through Metaphor in the Poetry of Khayyam and Abu al-Ala al-Ma’arri

Mohamadreza Beigi *

; Godarz Kakavandi

, Farideh Akhavan Palangsaraei

https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.226

Hakim Omar Khayyam and Abu al-Ala al-Ma’arri, two eminent poet-philosophers of the Islamic world, despite their profound intellectual commonalities in skepticism, rationalism, and critique of conventional beliefs, arrived at two entirely contrasting worldviews. Khayyam inclined toward hedonism and the enjoyment of the moment, whereas al-Ma’arri chose absolute pessimism and extreme asceticism. This contrast provides a unique framework for examining how philosophy manifests in verbal art. The main objective of this study, beyond a superficial comparison, is to conduct a comparative and structural analysis of the art of imagery through metaphor in the poetry of these two thinkers. The article seeks to answer the question of how Khayyam’s hedonistic worldview and al-Ma’arri’s pessimistic worldview, respectively, led to the creation of two distinct sets of artistic images and metaphors, and how these images became the principal tools of their philosophical reflection. The research method is descriptive–analytical with a comparative approach. Accordingly, the theoretical foundations related to imagery and metaphor are first defined. Then, through qualitative content analysis of Khayyam’s Rubaiyat and al-Ma’arri’s Luzumiyyat, the central metaphors of each poet are identified and categorized. In the final step, these metaphorical systems are examined separately and then comparatively to reveal their similarities and differences in reflecting the poets’ philosophical thought. The findings indicate that the metaphorical imagery of each poet serves as a direct reflection and a vehicle for the realization of his worldview. Khayyam employs sensory and tangible metaphors (e.g., the jug, wine, grass) to emphasize the value of material life and the necessity of immediate joy. In contrast, al-Ma’arri uses abstract and caustic metaphors (e.g., the body as a prison, the world as carrion) to logically affirm the evil of existence and the necessity of abstaining from it. Ultimately, for both poets, imagery is not merely a literary ornament but a philosophical act in confronting the enigma of existence.

Discourse analysis of news related to Covid-19 based on the theory of Laclau and Mouffe: a case study of China Daily newspaper

Salah Sabah Salah Al Naqeeb

; Akram Korani *

; Masoud Dehghan

https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.217

In times of global crises, media outlets transcend their informational role to become producers of narratives and discourses that shape public understanding of the crisis. During the COVID-19 pandemic, different media organizations framed and represented the crisis through varying discursive strategies. The aim of the present study is to analyze the discourse of COVID-19 news in China Daily based on the theory of Laclau and Mouffe, in order to demonstrate how this newspaper articulated the discourse of the pandemic and which central and floating signifiers it emphasized. To achieve this goal, the study employed critical discourse analysis within the theoretical framework of Laclau and Mouffe, examining news articles published in China Daily between 2020 and 2021. The findings revealed that the newspaper, through the use of discursive strategies such as lexical generalization, rhetorical expressions, and excessive lexicalization, constructed a discourse centered around two main nodal points: “China’s effective actions” and “China’s global leadership.” Within this discourse, China is portrayed as a country successful in managing the pandemic, leading in scientific research, and committed to global cooperation, whereas other countries—particularly the United States—are positioned in contrast. This discursive articulation contributed to strengthening China’s national identity and legitimizing the government’s policies in confronting the pandemic.

Analysis of Power in the Myth-Oriented Poems of Mohammad-Taqi Bahar (Based on Michel Foucault’s Theories)

Hamid Kavoosi Zarkhoni

; Hossein Parsaei *

; Nahid Akbari

https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.213

The concept of power is one of the most fundamental notions that has been the subject of extensive research regarding its mechanisms and manifestations in society. Michel Foucault’s theories form the core of the discourse of power, encompassing various domains of sociology. From a Foucauldian perspective, every discourse or text is intricately and inseparably intertwined with power relations within a given social space. In fact, Foucault considers all forms of discourse to be inherently oriented toward latent power. The present study seeks, through a descriptive–analytical method, to understand the Foucauldian conception of power as reflected in the myth-oriented poems of Mohammad-Taqi Bahar. By examining Bahar’s poetry and selecting his mythological verses, one can discern his leftist, critical, and patriotic ideas embedded within his poetic expression. A sociological reading of these poems reveals that most of Bahar’s myth-oriented works bear traces of Foucault’s concept of power. Through nostalgic and reflective references to the grandeur and authority of ancient myths, the poet subtly portrays the political atmosphere of his own time with a critical outlook.

About the Journal

The Treasury of Persian Language and Literature is an esteemed, open-access journal dedicated to the study, preservation, and advancement of Persian language and literature. Serving as a valuable platform for scholars, researchers, and academics, the journal explores a diverse range of topics within Persian literary studies, including classical, medieval, and contemporary literature, as well as linguistic studies that examine the nuances of the Persian language. Committed to rigorous scholarly standards, the Treasury of Persian Language and Literature operates under a double-blind peer-review process, ensuring impartiality and the highest levels of academic integrity in the selection of articles. Our journal welcomes contributions in various formats, including original research articles, critical essays, reviews, and interpretive studies, and invites global and interdisciplinary approaches to further enrich the field of Persian studies.

Current Issue

Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025): Serial Number 9

Published: 2025-11-28

Articles

A Comparative Study of the Main Characters in the Novel The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan and The Maqamat of Badiʿ al-Zaman al-Hamadhani

Maryam Shafiee Taban *

; Farzaneh Dastmard

, Fatemeh Gooshehneshin

1-18
- PDF
https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.140
Content Analysis of The Little Black Fish by Samad Behrangi Based on Jungian Psychological Discourse

Zahra Iranmanesh *

; Masoud Darijani

1-30
- PDF
https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.180
The Sense of Vision and Its Categories in Persian Language Based on Cultural Linguistics

Samaneh Dadgar

; Jinuss Shirvan *

; Maryam Iraji

1-16
- PDF
https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.183
An Examination of Punishments and Penalties during the Safavid Era in the Mirror of Western Travelogues

Mohammad Bemani.Zare.Sharif Abad

; Khorshid Ghanbari Naniz *

; Maryam Jafari

1-21
- PDF
https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.192
A Cognitive Analysis of the Metaphors of “Self” in Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn by Abrquhī

Fatemeh Masroor

, Samira Rostami *

, Seyed Mohsen Sajedi-Rad

1-15
- PDF
https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.191
Gulistan of Saadi’s Approach to the Role of Friends and Peers in the Commission of Crime

Moein Aldin Daryaei

; Mohammadreza Rahmat *

; Mahmood Sadeghzadeh

1-17
- PDF
https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.198
Comparative Study of the Marfūʿāt in Arabic and Their Differences with Persian

Zahra Abbaszadeh

; Gholam Abbas Zakeri *

; Forozan Haghshenas Getabi

1-22
- PDF
https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.199
Comparative Analysis of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and the Seven Valleys of Mystical Journey in Attar’s Conference of the Birds

Dariush Zolfaghari *

1-13
- PDF
https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.178
Examining Male and Female Utopias and Their Confrontations in Six Contemporary Novels

Mina Khaleghi

, Fatemeh Mohseni Gardehkohi *

, Fatemeh Heydari

, Nastaran Safari

1-24
- PDF
https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.201
A Dramatic Reading of the Story of Ebrahim Adham in Tazkirat al-Awliya by Attar of Nishapur

Habib Aghaei

; Kamran Pashaei Fakhri *

; Parvaneh Adelzadeh

1-22
- PDF
https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.204
Application of Michael Riffaterre’s Semiotics Theory in the Analysis of Fereydoon Tavallali’s Poem “Mahtab”

Maryam Mosazadeh Nasrabady

; Fatemeh Sheikhloovand *

; Ayvaz Hooshyar

1-18
- PDF
https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.202
An Examination and Analysis of the Maturity Indicators in the Characters Present in the Poetry of Parvin E’tesami

Alireza Gilani

; Mansooreh Mashayekhie *

; Mohammad Fatehi

1-37
- PDF
https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.207
Construction of the Concept of Woman in Intellectual Poetry: A Case Study of the Poems of Abolqasem Lahouti, Ahmad Shamlou, and Forough Farrokhzad

Mehrasa Rahmani

, Gholamreza Pirouz *

, Reza Sattari

, Hossein Hasanpour Alashti

1-18
- PDF
https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.200
Non-Observance of Rhyme in the Epic Poem Vis and Ramin

Forozan Haghshenas Getabi

, Gholam Abbas Zakeri *

, Azam Majidiyan

1-17
- PDF
https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.205
Popular Beliefs in Medicine and Healing in the Poetry of Azerbaijani-Style Poets

Hasan Mohammadi

, Arash Moshfeghi *

, Hosein Dadashi

1-26
- PDF
https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.206
Social Discourse Analysis in Ahmad Mahmoud’s The Neighbors Based on Pierre Guiraud’s Social Semiotics

Zahra Shahraki Ein Ali

; Mandana Alimi *

; Zakiyeh Rajabi

1-18
- PDF
https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.228
The Relationship Between Religion and the Meaning of Life in the Works of Jalal Al-e Ahmad

Narjes Mozaffari

; Arastoo Mirani *

; Reza Asadpour

1-14
- PDF
https://doi.org/10.61838/jtpll.229
A Comparative Examination of Poetic Language in the Works of Sadeq Chubak and Houshang Golshiri

Raana Safikhani

; Saeeda Saki Entezami *

; Saeeda Niazi

1-22
- PDF

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Treasury of Persian Language and Literature

A Comparative Examination of Poetic Language in the Works of Sadeq Chubak and Houshang Golshiri

A Comparative Examination of the Views of Seyyed Ahmad Fardid and Reza Davari Ardakani on the Concepts and Characteristics of Western Modernity

بررسی حقوق زنان در اشعار ملک الشعرا بهار

The Relationship Between Religion and the Meaning of Life in the Works of Jalal Al-e Ahmad

Social Discourse Analysis in Ahmad Mahmoud’s The Neighbors Based on Pierre Guiraud’s Social Semiotics

A Comparative Analysis of the Art of Imagery through Metaphor in the Poetry of Khayyam and Abu al-Ala al-Ma’arri

Discourse analysis of news related to Covid-19 based on the theory of Laclau and Mouffe: a case study of China Daily newspaper

Analysis of Power in the Myth-Oriented Poems of Mohammad-Taqi Bahar (Based on Michel Foucault’s Theories)

About the Journal

Current Issue

Articles

A Comparative Study of the Main Characters in the Novel The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan and The Maqamat of Badiʿ al-Zaman al-Hamadhani

Content Analysis of The Little Black Fish by Samad Behrangi Based on Jungian Psychological Discourse

The Sense of Vision and Its Categories in Persian Language Based on Cultural Linguistics

An Examination of Punishments and Penalties during the Safavid Era in the Mirror of Western Travelogues

A Cognitive Analysis of the Metaphors of “Self” in Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn by Abrquhī

Gulistan of Saadi’s Approach to the Role of Friends and Peers in the Commission of Crime

Comparative Study of the Marfūʿāt in Arabic and Their Differences with Persian

Comparative Analysis of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and the Seven Valleys of Mystical Journey in Attar’s Conference of the Birds

Examining Male and Female Utopias and Their Confrontations in Six Contemporary Novels

A Dramatic Reading of the Story of Ebrahim Adham in Tazkirat al-Awliya by Attar of Nishapur

Application of Michael Riffaterre’s Semiotics Theory in the Analysis of Fereydoon Tavallali’s Poem “Mahtab”

An Examination and Analysis of the Maturity Indicators in the Characters Present in the Poetry of Parvin E’tesami

Construction of the Concept of Woman in Intellectual Poetry: A Case Study of the Poems of Abolqasem Lahouti, Ahmad Shamlou, and Forough Farrokhzad

Non-Observance of Rhyme in the Epic Poem Vis and Ramin

Popular Beliefs in Medicine and Healing in the Poetry of Azerbaijani-Style Poets

Social Discourse Analysis in Ahmad Mahmoud’s The Neighbors Based on Pierre Guiraud’s Social Semiotics

The Relationship Between Religion and the Meaning of Life in the Works of Jalal Al-e Ahmad

A Comparative Examination of Poetic Language in the Works of Sadeq Chubak and Houshang Golshiri

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