The Theory of Differential Association in the Mirror of Saadi’s Gulistan

Abstract

This study analyzes the social relationships and associations of characters in Saadi’s Gulistan through the lens of Edwin Sutherland’s theory of differential association. The differential association theory emphasizes that social behaviors—particularly deviant ones—are shaped through interactions and learning from companions. The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of social environments and human relationships on the behavior of characters and to present models for social crime prevention. Using content analysis methodology, this study examines the anecdotes in Gulistan from a criminological perspective, focusing on how social relationships affect the characters’ behaviors. The findings indicate that positive social environments and associations guide individuals toward ethical and socially constructive behaviors, whereas corrupt environments give rise to deviant conduct. These results underscore that Saadi’s teachings can be effective in crime prevention and in promoting positive social relations in contemporary society. The analysis of anecdotes reveals that Saadi, with particular sensitivity, highlights the decisive role of environment and companions in the formation of personality and behavior.