استعارۀ مفهومی جنگ در فرامرزنامۀ بزرگ

مریم  دربار پناه; خدیجه بهرامی رهنما; محمد رضا  معصومی

Authors

Maryam Darbar Panah Department of Persian language and literature,Ma.C., Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran Author https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5412-1500
Khadijeh Bahrami Rahnama Department of Persian Language and Literature , Yl.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3960-105X
Mohammad Reza Masomi Department of Persian language and literature, Is.C., Islamic Azad University, lsfahan, Iran Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4196-504X

Keywords:

cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor of war, grand transboundary, animism, fluidism

Abstract

A people’s conceptualization of war can be reconstructed through the language they employ to narrate battle. Language is not a neutral reflection of events; rather, it actively redefines them and serves as an instrument for structuring experience in the speaker’s mind. Based on this principle, the present study examines the overarching metaphor of war in the Greater Faramarz-nama within the framework of Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory, using a descriptive-analytical method. The primary objective is to identify the latent cognitive mappings embedded in the martial imagery of this epic poem—mappings that not only contribute to its rhetorical elaboration but also reveal the worldview of its anonymous poet. The findings indicate that war is predominantly represented through two cognitive conceptualizations: animalization and fluidization. In the former, heroes are conceptualized in terms of the characteristics of predatory animals, particularly lions and leopards, and behaviors such as surprise attacks and ambushes derive from this analogy. In the latter, martial rage is portrayed as a heated liquid contained within a closed vessel, which eventually overflows as a result of internal pressure. In addition, two secondary mappings were identified: WAR IS A STRUGGLE AGAINST DEMONIC FORCES and WAR IS AN ARENA FOR DEMONSTRATING HEROIC POWER. These mappings serve to consolidate the collective identity of the Iranian people, glorify Faramarz’s heroic status, and provide a religious and ethical justification for his power. Finally, the concentration of warfare around princes and heroes also reveals an underlying dimension of the class structure of twelfth-century Iranian society within the epic narrative.

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